This set of Casting, Forming and Welding Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Gases in Metals”.
1. Which of the following metals comes in an exothermic group of metals when the solubility of hydrogen is concerned?
a) Iron
b) Titanium
c) Magnesium
d) Nickel
View Answer
Explanation: When the solubility of hydrogen is concerned, titanium comes in an exothermic group of metals which absorb more hydrogen than endothermic metals (iron, magnesium, nickel etc). Further, in exothermic metals, the solubility of hydrogen decreases with temperature. The reverse is true for endothermic metals.
2. Which of the following equations represent the solubility (S) of the hydrogen in the metals?
a) S = C exp[-Es/(kθ)]
b) S = C exp[-Es*(kθ)]
c) S = C log[-Es/(kθ)]
d) S = C log[-Es*(kθ)]
View Answer
Explanation: Solubility (S) of the hydrogen in the metals is expressed as S = C exp[-Es/(kθ)], where Es (positive for endothermic) is the heat of the solution of 1 mol of hydrogen and θ is the absolute temperature with C and k as constants. Equation of solubility clearly shows that gas precipitation during cooling cannot take place in exothermic metals for which Es is negative.
3. Presence of hydrogen in endothermic metals causes lattice distortion.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Explanation: Hydrogen dissolves in lattice defects of endothermic metals, hence produces no distortion. In exothermic metals, hydrogen is believed to dissolve interstitially so it produces the lattice distortion in exothermic metals. (titanium, zirconium, etc.)
4. Which of the following formulas show the Sievert’s law of percent of hydrogen (H) present in a melt?
a) H = K(pHa)2
b) H = K*pHa
c) H = K/pHa
d) H = K√pHa
View Answer
Explanation: Sievert’s law states that the amount of hydrogen dissolved in a melt varies as % hydrogen present (H) = K√pHa, where pHa is the partial pressure of hydrogen in the atmosphere over the melt, and K is a constant.
5. Maintaining of hydrogen level to a minimum in a melt is very important because there is no simple dehydrogenating technique.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Explanation: There is no simple dehydrogenating addition to eliminating hydrogen in the form of slag. So, care should be taken to maintain the hydrogen level to a minimum. The method used for removal of hydrogen in which partial pressure of hydrogen is reduced by bubbling some other dry insoluble gas through the melt; this method is not easy and also causes many other problems.
6. Which of the following methods is best for preventing the solutions of gases in metals?
a) Bubbling of gas
b) Vacuum melting
c) Venting arrangement
d) Elements inclusion
View Answer
Explanation: Vacuum melting is increasingly being used for preventing the solutions of gases in metals and the combinations of reactive elements in the melt. Additions in the ladle, rather than in the melt, have been found to be more effective for controlling the gases and chemical compositions.
7. Improper venting arrangement causes mechanical trapping of gases in metal castings.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Explanation: The gases in metals lead to faulty castings. In metal castings, the gases may be trapped mechanically by having improper venting arrangements, in such situations trapping of gases can be prevented by making proper venting arrangements in the mould.
8. Nitrogen cannot be used for ferrous and nickel based alloys in hydrogen removal technique because_____
a) it leads to form high dross in metal castings
b) it gives rise to porosity in metal castings
c) it affects the grain size
d) it generates blow holes in metal castings
View Answer
Explanation: For ferrous and nickel based alloys, nitrogen cannot be used because it is soluble in these and also it may form nitrides which affect the grain size; therefore, in ferrous alloys in particular, accurate control of the nitrogen is necessary. In such situations, carbon monoxide bubbles are used.
9. In the hydrogen removal process, carbon monoxide for ferrous alloys removes not only hydrogen but also nitrogen.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Explanation: Carbon monoxide for ferrous alloys removes not only hydrogen but also nitrogen. So, for ferrous metals, a marked decrease in the solubility of nitrogen during the phase change may give rise to porosity in the castings. And the re-entry of nitrogen from the air is also prevented by the impermeable slag at the top of the melt.
10. Which of the following metals has the lowest liquid solubility (cc/kg) of hydrogen at atmospheric pressure?
a) Iron
b) Copper
c) Magnesium
d) Aluminium
View Answer
Explanation: Hydrogen solubility is an acute problem in ferrous casting. Liquid solubility of hydrogen in aluminium is 7cc/kg, which is lowest comparatively to other metals. So, it is not very difficult to handle aluminium and chances of inclusion of gas are also very less due to less liquid solubility.
11. Variation in solubility of gases can cause the generation of gases in metal castings.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Explanation: At different temperatures and phases, the gases may be generated due to the variation in their solubility. And chemical reactions also lead to a generation of gases in metal castings. The gases most generally present are hydrogen and nitrogen, in which removal of hydrogen from the melt is very necessary for better castings.
12. Which of the following gases can be beneficial in imparting certain desirable qualities to the castings?
a) Oxygen
b) Nitrogen
c) Hydrogen
d) Carbon monoxide
View Answer
Explanation: Nitrogen can be added in castings to impart desirable qualities. For example, when this gas is added to steels, it improves strength, fatigue life, corrosion resistance and many other properties. Nitrogen would affect these properties only if it remains very fine nitrides in solid solutions.
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