This set of Immunology Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Malignant Transformation of Cancer”.
1. What is the term used for the cells that grow rapidly, spread to other parts of the body and do not maintain differentiation?
a) Benign
b) Malignant
c) Metastases
d) Oncogenetic
View Answer
Explanation: The cells that grow rapidly and spread to all over the parts of the body without any control are called cancer cells and they are termed as malignant. These cells are highly dangerous and they occur due to any kind of genetic alteration. They can also lose their originality due to dysregulation in the cell cycle.
2. What is the most important risk factor for the cause of malignant transformation?
a) Hydronephrosis
b) Age
c) Diseases
d) Genetic changes
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Explanation: Genetic errors, changes in chromosome arrangements and genetic errors lead to malignant transformation of cell. This transformation leads to initiation of cancer. To study and examine the cancer cause, it is necessary to look for the genetic alterations caused in the patient. Chromosomal aberrations is another such error to be studied while observing cancer causes.
3. Which of the following does NOT come under the category of protooncogenes?
a) Cyclins
b) Cyclin dependent protein kinases
c) Suppressor Rb
d) Transcription factors
View Answer
Explanation: There are different genes that are present in the cell. One of those genes is known as protooncogene which occupy the most space. Each of the gene is responsible for approaching the protein so as to be involved for cell division and its growth. Protooncogenes also carry all the other cell processes and activities. These genes give rise to cyclins, cdks and the proteins along with transcription factors.
4. Which of the following is NOT an inhibitory protein of cell cycle?
a) Rb protein
b) p53
c) p21
d) TGF-beta
View Answer
Explanation: In case of low immunity and low functioning of the body, the cell cycle can be supressed or limited. There can be a dysfunction of cell cycle. This dysfunction is caused due to promotion of unnecessary inhibitory proteins like Rb, p53, p21 as well as BRCA1 and BRCA2. These proteins have a very negative impact on cell cycle. They can stop the controlling of G1 and S phase. DNA damage also occurs due to the expression of p53. DNA damage leads to severe chromosomal aberrations and genetic changes which lead to cancer.
5. According to researchers, along with Tobacco and Alcohol, Crisp brown foods can also be the common carcinogens.
a) True
b) False
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Explanation: Carcinogens are the substances that are responsible to cause cancer. There are at least 70 chemicals in tobacco that can cause cancer by damaging the DNA. Even light smoking or consumption of tobacco can raise the risks of cancer. In addition, consumption of alcohol can cause certain types of cancer such as head, neck, breast and liver cancer. This is because the storage capacity of alcohol is quite long which by time may develop and produce carcinogenic chemicals. On the other hand, when some vegetables, like potatoes, are heated to high temperatures, they can release a chemical called acrylamide. Studies show that rats who took in acrylamide in their drinking water got cancer, so researchers think humans might also.
6. Which of the following chemotherapeutic drug causes leukaemia in women?
a) Cytoxan
b) Busulfan
c) Carboplatin
d) Cisplatin
View Answer
Explanation: Chemotherapy drugs do help in diagnosis of certain cancers but they also might have various side effects that can raise the risk of any other illness. One such drug is Cytoxan which is primarily used to treat women that suffer from early stages of breast-cancer. However, there are some rare cases where these women may develop a side effect with respect to causing leukemia. Oral contraceptive use may increase the risk of breast cancer in young women. Cytoxan is a cancer medication but it might lead to side effects that can be of either low level like nausea, vomiting to high levels like cancer.
7. Which of the following heavy metals is NOT carcinogenic?
a) Cadmium
b) Iron
c) Arsenic
d) Nickel
View Answer
Explanation: Heavy metals like cadmium, arsenic and nickel are carcinogenic if they are present in the body above their optimum levels. Heavy metals are quite toxic for the body hence they can also cause cancer. As a result of which they are known as carcinogenic. Arsenic can be cancer-causing if we are exposed to higher-than-average levels of arsenic due to getting in contact with hazardous waste sites. On the other hand, Cadmium and Nickel is carcinogenic due to reduction of DNA repairs.
8. Which is the first bacteria to cause cancer?
a) Helicobacter pylori
b) Chlamydophila
c) E-coli
d) Fusobacterium
View Answer
Explanation: Helicobacter pylori is termed to be the first cause of cancer in humans. It causes stomach as well as gastric cancer. It is said that even mutagenic bacterial metabolites are suspected to increase risk for cancer. This virus enters the body and live in the digestive tract. This causes ulcers in the lining of stomach. Early symptoms seen are stomach ache, nausea and bloating.
9. Who identified the first cause of cancer?
a) Percivall Plot
b) Edward Jenner
c) Louis Pasteur
d) Samuel Demario
View Answer
Explanation: The oldest description of cancer was discovered in Egypt and dates back to about 3000 BC. Percivall Plot however was the first to find out the cause of cancer. He found this cause in the scrotum. Along with Plot, his workers and other scientists studied about this in depth and hence, termed it as a cause of cancer. The chain altogether started from Plot and his co-workers and today there are about hundreds and thousands of causes of cancer of different parts of the human body.
10. Which of the following is not a main type of tumour?
a) Benign
b) Premalignant
c) Malignant
d) Carcinoma
View Answer
Explanation: Tumours are classified according to whether the cells get differentiated or not. Benign, premalignant and malignant are 3 major classifications of tumour. Benign cells are mostly functionless as they do not grow or differentiate hence are not cancerous while malignant cells are completely cancerous because they differentiate uncontrollably. However, premalignant cells are also not cancerous but if their differentiation rate goes beyond the optimal level, they develop into malignant cells.
Sanfoundry Global Education & Learning Series – Immunology.
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