This set of Immunology Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Transplantation Immunology”.
1. Which of the following is NOT a type of method of Transplantation?
a) Autografting
b) Allografting
c) Xenografting
d) Phenografting
View Answer
Explanation: Transplantation is a process of implantation of non-self-tissues, cells as well as organs into the body. This process of taking cells, tissues or organs from one part of the body or one individual and placing them into another part of the body or another individual is called as transplanting or grafting. There are majorly 3 types of Transplantation methods such as Autografting (different parts of same individual), Allografting (between different organisms of same species) and Xenografting (between two different species).
2. Which cells are transplanted to treat cancer like leukaemia?
a) Haematopoietic stem cells
b) Red blood cells
c) White blood cells
d) Epithelial cells
View Answer
Explanation: The transplantation of stem cells is known simply as stem cell transplant. Haematopoietic stem cells also referred to as blood stem cells) are transplanted to treat certain type of cancer especially Leukaemia. Stem cells are cells that have the capacity to develop into a range of different types of cells in the body. Haematopoietic stem cells can develop into all the different cells found in the blood and are donated to replace damaged or destroyed blood cells.
3. The human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) complex are responsible for identifying foreign agents to immune system.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Explanation: Antigens enter the body as foreign invaders which interfere in the normal processing of our immune system. Once our immune system identifies these on-self antigens, it triggers the immune response and as a result it stimulates the production of antigen specific antibodies that mark the infected cells. The Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) complex is a group of genes that encode the proteins responsible for identifying foreign agents to the immune system. These proteins are found on the surface of all cells and act as ‘self-markers’ telling the immune system not to trigger a response.
4. What is the main difference between direct and indirect recognition of allograft?
a) The source of involved APCs / donor vs recipient APC involvement
b) The source of B cells
c) The amount of T cell proliferation
d) The source of antigens (donor vs recipient)
View Answer
Explanation: Direct allograft (also known as Direct Alloantigen Recognition) is a process by which donor-derived MHC-peptide complexes are recognised directly by recipient’s T cells whereas indirect allograft (also known as Indirect Alloantigen Recognition) is the process by which recipient-derived APCs first take in the donor cells and then process the donor antigen to recipient’s immune system. The major difference between each process is the source of their respective APCs. It also depends on the origin of macrophages. In direct allograft, the recognition of APCs is donor derived while in indirect allograft, recognition of APCs is mediated by recipient (or is recipient-derived).
5. Which of the following is NOT a clinical stage of rejection?
a) Secondary rejection
b) Acute rejection
c) Hyperacute rejection
d) Chronic rejection
View Answer
Explanation: There are primarily 3 known clinical stages of rejection. This rejection can occur due to various reasons like low immunity, dissimilarities between the genes of donor and recipient, age, etc. The stages of rejection are 1) Hyperacute Rejection (caused by presence of pre-existing antibodies of recipient that match the foreign antigen of donor triggering the immune response against transplant), 2) Acute Rejection (occurs at late stages after transplantation by formation of antibodies that fail to identify foreign antigens) and 3) Chronic Rejection (occurs very late and can be due to decline in the activity of immune system if there is scarring of tissues or organs).
6. During stem cell transplantation, what test do the patients undergo?
a) Panel reactive antibody test
b) Cross-matching
c) Serology screening
d) Tissue typing
View Answer
Explanation: For patients who undergo stem cell transplantation they and their donor will have to take the pre-transplant serology screening test. This takes place in order to detect the immune status of the donor and as well as the recipient against various significant infectious organisms, including viruses like HIV, Cytomegalovirus (CMV), and Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV). This helps in determining the potential and chances for re-activation.
7. What is the term given for similarity between HLA genes of donor and recipient?
a) Compatible genetic groups
b) Histocompatibility
c) Equal HLA compatibility
d) Similarity
View Answer
Explanation: The degree of similarity between the HLA genes of the donor and recipient is known as histocompatibility. If donor and recipient are genetically compatible at a higher level, the recipient’s tolerance level also increases during organ implantation or grafting. In cases where the donor and recipient are genetically not identical or are dissimilar, there can be chances of rejection. This can even reduce the original response of immune system.
8. Which of the following cytokine is NOT released as an inflammatory response to engrafted organs?
a) IL-6
b) TNF-α
c) IL-16
d) IL-1b
View Answer
Explanation: Newly engrafted organs, in most cases, lead to intense inflammation which might result from several causes like donor disease, inappropriate organ grafting, preservation in non-physiological fluids, surgical trauma or reperfusion injury. This inflammatory response leads to release of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, TNF-a, and IL-1b. This release is possible only if there is a lineage commitment of CD4+ T cells in the engrafted organs. This lineage commitment of naive recipient CD4+ T cells in the graft is determined by the cytokine environment in which these cells recognize donor antigens.
9. To recover from an injury, a ‘burns’ patient receiving a skin graft grown from own skin stem cells is a type of which graft?
a) Isograft
b) Autograft
c) Xenograft
d) Allograft
View Answer
Explanation: Autografting is a process in which tissue transplantation takes place from one part of the body to another part of the body of the same individual. When a patient is suffering from burns or has a burnt portion of skin, the skin from his/her other part of the body is used and transplanted to the burnt portion. This way, the patient heals faster and there are nearly equal to no chances of having any side effect as long as it is the patient’s own skin.
10. Which of the following statement describes INDIRECT allograft?
a) A donor-derived antigen presenting cell (APC) migrates to recipient lymph nodes, after which recipient T cells recognize HLA expressed on the donor APCs
b) A recipient-derived antigen presenting cell (APC) processes alloproteins from the graft, after which it is presented to recipient T cells
c) A donor-derived B cell migrates to a regional lymph node, after which recipient T cells recognize HLA expressed on the donor B cells
d) A recipient-derived B cell processes alloproteins from the graft, after which is presented to recipient T cells
View Answer
Explanation: Indirect allorecognition (allograft) refers to the process by which recipient APCs first engulf donor cells and then process donor antigen for redisplay to the recipient immune system. The alloproteins derived from graft are internalized, processed and presented in form of peptides by recipient’s APCs on MHC II molecules and these alloproteins are then presented to the recipient’s T cells.
Sanfoundry Global Education & Learning Series – Immunology.
To practice all areas of Immunology, here is complete set of 1000+ Multiple Choice Questions and Answers.
If you find a mistake in question / option / answer, kindly take a screenshot and email to [email protected]
