This set of Molecular Endocrinology Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Placental Hormones and its Metabolic Role”.
1. Which are the two types of hormones synthesized by placenta?
a) Peptide hormones and ovarian steroid hormones
b) Peptide hormones and Catecholamines
c) Ovarian steroid hormones and amino hormones
d) Thyroid hormones and gonadal hormones
View Answer
Explanation: Peptide hormones and ovarian steroid hormones are the two types of hormones synthesized by the placenta. These are again classified into various hormones based on their function. The placenta during gestation is a highly active endocrine organ; it secretes a number of hormones in the mother with physiological effects.
2. Which are the two types of peptide hormones synthesized by Placenta?
a) Progestins and Estrogens
b) Human chorionic gonadotropin hormone (hCG) and Chorionic somatomammotropin (CS)
c) FSH and LH
d) LTH and TSH
View Answer
Explanation: Human chorionic gonadotropin hormone (hCG) and Chorionic somatomammotropin (CS) are the two peptide hormones synthesized by the placenta. Chorionic somatomammotropin (CS) is also called placental lactogen.
3. Which are the two types of ovarian steroid hormones synthesized by Placenta?
a) Progestins and Estrogens
b) Human chorionic gonadotropin hormone (hCG) and Chorionic somatomammotropin (CS)
c) FSH and LH
d) LTH and TSH
View Answer
Explanation: The placenta is an organ which, during pregnancy, grows in the uterus. Progestins and Estrogens are the two types of ovarian steroid hormones synthesized by Placenta. Among estrogens, estriol is the major hormone secreted.
4. Pregnancy induces the secretion of the placental hormones.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Explanation: Pregnancy causes placental hormones to become active. The trophoblast that is subsequently organized into the placenta forms the implanted blastocyst. Possible placental issues during pregnancy include placental abruption, placenta previa and placenta accreta.
5. Beta chain of hCG is identical to human FSH, LH and TSH.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Explanation: Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) is a heterodimer glycoprotein consisting of two subunits, alpha and beta. The alpha-chain consists of 92 amino acids and is similar to FSH, LH and TSH in humans.
6. Which amino acid is present in the alpha chain of hCG?
a) Leucine
b) Asparagine
c) Isoleucine
d) Valine
View Answer
Explanation: Alpha chain of hCG is made up of 92 amino acids. Two asparagine-linked oligosaccharides are present in this chain. During the first trimester, hormone levels of HCG found in maternal blood and urine increase significantly and may lead to nausea and vomiting that is frequently associated with pregnancy.
7. Which among the following amino acids are present in the beta chain of hCG?
a) Asparagine and serine
b) Leucine and Isoleucine
c) Valine and serine
d) Asparagine and Valine
View Answer
Explanation: Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a dimer formed by an hCG-specific 145 amino acid beta subunit and a 92 amino acid alpha subunit. The β-chain has more carbohydrates and includes two oligosaccharides linked to asparagine and four oligosaccharides linked to serine.
8. Where are Human chorionic gonadotropin hormones (hCG) originated in females?
a) Blastocyst
b) Lymphocyte
c) Morula
d) Syncytiotrophoblast
View Answer
Explanation: Human chorionic gonadotropin, commonly known as hCG, is a hormone found during pregnancy in the blood and urine of females. It is produced within 12 to 14 days of fertilization via the syncytiotrophoblast of chorionic villi.
9. Which among the following is the second messenger of Human chorionic gonadotropin hormones (hCG) in their target tissues?
a) cAMP
b) cGMP
c) Cyclins
d) Adenylase
View Answer
Explanation: The hormone binds to a “specific receptor” that activates adenyl cyclase on the cell membrane of target tissues such as ovaries and testes, which in turn increases the amount of cyclic AMP. In order to achieve biological effects, cyclic AMP serves as the “second messenger”
10. What is the role of Human chorionic gonadotropin hormones (hCG) in the growth and development of corpus luteum?
a) Helps in reducing the size
b) Stimulates the enlargement and secretion
c) Helps in degeneration
d) Inhibits the secretion
View Answer
Explanation: Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a placental hormone initially secreted from the implanting definition during week 2 by cells (syncytiotrophoblast), which protects the ovarian corpus luteum, which in turn supports the endometrial lining and thus maintains pregnancy. HCG induces corpus luteum enlargement and stimulates its secretion. In the first three months of pregnancy, it preserves the secretory corpus luteum.
11. What is the role of Human chorionic gonadotropin hormones (hCG) in the secretion of testosterone?
a) Stimulates
b) Inhibits
c) Reduces
d) Helps in the transport
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Explanation: Like LH, the hormone induces the development of embryonic testes into interstitial cells (Leydig cells) and releases testosterone. This encourages the virilization of the male embryo’s reproductive system.
12. Which placental hormone resembles prolactin and growth hormone of anterior pituitary?
a) Human chorionic gonadotropin hormone (hCG)
b) Chorionic somatomammotropin (CS)
c) Progestins
d) Estrogens
View Answer
Explanation: Chorionic Somatomammotropin (CS) hormone has the biologic characteristics of prolactin and anterior pituitary growth hormone. It is a peptide hormone and its sequences of amino acids are identical to GH and prolactin (85 percent homology).
13. When is the Chorionic somatomammotropin (CS) secreted in pregnant women?
a) First week
b) Third week
c) Second week
d) Fourth week
View Answer
Explanation: The hormone is secreted from around the second week of pregnancy by the syncytiotrophoblast. It increases steadily and reaches a peak about 36 weeks after pregnancy. A polypeptide placental hormone is human placental lactogen (hPL), also known as human chorionic somatomammotropin (HCS).
14. Which among the following is the major source of progesterone in the first six to eight weeks of pregnancy?
a) Corpus luteum
b) Placenta
c) Blastocyst
d) Morula
View Answer
Explanation: For the first 6 to 8 weeks of pregnancy, the corpus luteum is the main source of progesterone. This process is undertaken over by the placenta thereafter. Human placental lactogen (hPL), also referred to as human chorionic somatomammotropin, is a polypeptide placental hormone (HCS).
15. What is the source of cholesterol for the placenta?
a) Acetate
b) Maternal supply
c) Chlorine
d) Lactate
View Answer
Explanation: Cholesterol cannot be synthesized by Placenta from ‘active’ acetate. So, it has to rely on maternal supply for cholesterol. Cholesterol is released from the placenta to circulating acceptors on the fetus side, such as apolipoproteins and indigenous HDL particles.
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