This set of Molecular Endocrinology Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Disorders of the Female Reproductive System”.
1. Which among the following is one of the most common gynecologic problems?
a) Chronic anovulation
b) Acute anovulation
c) Chronic hypervolemia
d) Acute hypervolemia
View Answer
Explanation: One of the most common gynecologic problems observed by doctors is chronic anovulation. Secondary amenorrhea, infrequent uterine bleeding (i.e., oligomenorrhea), or irregular episodes of excessive uterine bleeding-occur in patients.
2. What is the obvious consequence of chronic anovulation?
a) Infundibulate
b) Infertility
c) Diabetes Insipidus
d) Diabetes Mellitus
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Explanation: Infertility is an obvious result of chronic anovulation. It is initially necessary to rule out pregnancy or any cause associated with end-organ insufficiency, amenorrhea associated with genital ambiguity at birth, or sexual infantilism due to gonadal dysgenesis.
3. Which among the following is the first group of anovulatory patients?
a) Androgen excess
b) Progesterone deficient
c) Estrogen deficient
d) FSH deficient
View Answer
Explanation: The first group of patients with anovulatory disease is estrogen deficient. Hypothalamic anovulation, galactorrheal hyperprolactinemia (e.g., hypothyroidism, prolactinoma, non-functioning pituitary tumor) and premature ovarian insufficiency in women of reproductive age are common disorders in this community.
4. Nearly all target tissues of testosterone produce 5 alpha-reductase activity.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Explanation: Almost all target tissues of testosterone contain 5 alpha-reductase activity, which transforms testosterone to DHT, or aromatase activity, which produces intracrine estradiol. Whether testosterone has any direct biological effects that are independent of DHT or locally generated estradiol is not clear.
5. Androstenedione, DHEA, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), are biologically active.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Explanation: Whether testosterone has any direct biological effects independent of DHT or locally produced estradiol is not clear. No clear proof exists that the other C19 steroids are biologically active, including androstenedione, DHEA, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS).
6. Which among the following is the second group of anovulatory patients?
a) Androgen excess
b) Progesterone deficient
c) Estrogen deficient
d) FSH deficient
View Answer
Explanation: The second main group of anovulatory patients are women with androgen excess. The greater risk of endometrial carcinoma due to unopposed action of continuously developed estrogen in extraovarian tissues is a severe consequence of anovulation in this population.
7. Which is the most common disorder of the ovary associated with androgen excess and anovulation?
a) PCOS
b) PCOD
c) Endometriosis
d) Progesteronemia
View Answer
Explanation: PCOS is the most common ovary disorder associated with androgen excess and anovulation. Insulin resistance plays a significant role in this condition and increases the risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) or diabetes mellitus, or both, along with hyperandrogenism.
8. Increased level of androgens lead to which among the following conditions?
a) Leukemia
b) Leptinemia
c) Hapocrism
d) Hirsutism
View Answer
Explanation: Two natural androgens are testosterone, which is transported by circulation to the target tissue, and DHT, which is mainly released by the target tissue. Increased levels can lead to hirsutism of these androgens.
9. Name the condition in which terminal (coarse) hair is present in locations at which hair is not commonly found in women?
a) Hirsutism
b) Craniopharyngioma
c) Lymphoma
d) Leptonema
View Answer
Explanation: Hirsutism is defined as the presence of terminal (coarse) hair, including facial hair on the cheek, above the upper lip, and on the chin, in locations where hair is not commonly found in women. Also, the presence of midline chest hair has got a greater significance while considering the disorders of the female reproductive system.
10. Among the natural C19 steroids, which is a biologically potent androgen that is capable of acting through androgen receptors on target cells?
a) Estrogen
b) DHT
c) Progesterone
d) FSH
View Answer
Explanation: Among the natural C19 steroids, DHT is a biologically potent androgen that can function on target cells through androgen receptors. It is often known that testosterone is a biologically active androgen, although the direct androgenic effects of testosterone have not been clearly seen in vivo.
11. To exert full androgenic effects on certain target tissues, testosterone is converted to DHT by which among the following enzymes?
a) 5α-reductase
b) 5beta-reductase
c) Lyase isomerase
d) Aromatase
View Answer
Explanation: In order to exert maximum androgenic effects on some target tissues, testosterone binds nuclear androgen receptors but is transformed to a more effective steroid, DHT. The enzyme 5 alpha-reductase catalyzes this conversion and takes place in the liver and within androgen target cells such as sexual skin fibroblasts (i.e., intracrine effect).
12. Which is one of the primary regulators that determine the amounts of circulating bound and bioavailable testosterone?
a) SHBG
b) TBG
c) FSH
d) LH
View Answer
Explanation: SHBG is one of the key regulators for evaluating the quantity of circulating bound and bioavailable testosterone for target tissue action. Bioavailable testosterone is often increased by conditions that reduce SHBG binding (e.g., androgen excess, obesity, acromegaly, hypothyroidism, liver disease), enhancing the effect of testosterone.
13. The normal serum levels of androgens, especially free testosterone is determined by which among the following tests?
a) Radioimmunoassay (RIA)
b) Ouchterlony Double Diffusion
c) ELISA
d) Western Blotting
View Answer
Explanation: Normal serum androgen levels, particularly free testosterone determined by radioimmunoassay (RIA), differ from laboratory to laboratory. The purpose of serum testosterone measurement is to determine the existence of excess circulating androgen and to detect extremely high values that may occur from an androgen-secreting neoplasm.
14. What is the situation where excessive hair growth is not limited to androgen-dependent areas and involves hair in the form of vellus or lanugo?
a) Hypertricosis
b) Hirsutism
c) Leptonema
d) Malignemia
View Answer
Explanation: Hirsutism should be distinguished from hypertrichosis, which does not limit excessive hair growth to androgen-dependent areas and involves hair of the vellus or lanugo type. Hypertricosis is considered to be a phenotype that is not associated with hair growth in male patterns and is unlikely to be modified by known hirsutism therapies.
15. Which among the following conditions can produce factors that stimulate steroidogenesis in adjacent non-neoplastic ovarian stroma?
a) Cystadenocarcinomas
b) Craniopharyngioma
c) Myeloma
d) Adenosarcoma
View Answer
Explanation: Factors that induce steroidogenesis can arise from steroidogenically inert ovarian neoplasms such as epithelial cystadenomas or cystadenocarcinomas. This occurs in the adjacent non-neoplastic ovarian stroma and allows ample quantities of androgen precursors such as androstenedione to be formed to give rise to clinically observable excess androgen.
Sanfoundry Global Education & Learning Series – Molecular Endocrinology.
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