This set of Molecular Endocrinology Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Physiology and Disorders of Pituitary Hormone Axes – Set 2”.
1. What activity of the Neuroleptic drugs help them to elevate PRL levels in the blood?
a) Dopamine antagonist activity
b) Dopamine agonist activity
c) Dopamine correspondent activity
d) Dopamine activator activity
View Answer
Explanation: A number of drugs cause mild to moderate elevations of PRL and can cause galactorrhea, amenorrhea, or decreased sexual function in men. Due to their dopamine antagonist properties, neuroleptic drugs increase PRL.
2. Which among the following drugs stimulate PRL, which act by antagonizing both serotonin and dopamine receptors?
a) Neuroleptics
b) Chlorpromazine
c) Allopurinol
d) Zyloprim
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Explanation: Juts like neuroleptics, chlorpromazine also activates PRL. They work by antagonizing receptors for both serotonin and dopamine. Chlorpromazine is a phenothiazine that is used in adults to treat psychiatric conditions such as schizophrenia or manic-depression.
3. Which among the following are the hallmarks of non-physiologic hyperprolactinemia?
a) Galactorrhea and Amenorrhea
b) Galactorrhea and circulatory dysfunction
c) Galactorrhea and reproductive dysfunction
d) Galactorrhea and neuro dysfunction
View Answer
Explanation: The hallmarks of non-physiologic hyperprolactinemia are galactorrhea and reproductive dysfunction. In the 19th century, Chiari and Frommel reported galactorrhea and amenorrhea. Excessive breast stimulation, side effects of medication or pituitary gland disorders can all lead to galactorrhea.
4. Somatotrophs are located in the lateral wings of the anterior pituitary.
a) True
b) False
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Explanation: Somatotrophs are found primarily in the anterior pituitary gland’s lateral wings. And between 35% and 45% of pituitary cells are involved in this. 20 percent of anterior pituitary cells comprise somatotropic cells.
5. Galactorrhea can occur only in women.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Explanation: Galactorrhea can occur in women or men. It can be unilateral or bilateral, sparse or profuse, and color and thickness can vary. It is most common in women of reproductive age, but can occur in women who are neutral or menopausal.
6. Which among the following syndrome comprises postpartum galactorrhea, amenorrhea, and “utero-ovarian atrophy” in patients not nursing?
a) Mellon’s syndrome
b) Chiari-Frommel syndrome
c) Hashimotos thyroiditis
d) Lesh Nyhan’s Syndrome
View Answer
Explanation: In non-nursing patients, Chiari-Frommel syndrome involves postpartum galactorrhea, amenorrhea, and ‘utero-ovarian atrophy.’ The pregnancy that precedes the onset of Chiari-Frommel Syndrome is generally common and there is an uneventful birth and initial lactation.
7. Which among the following can represent the largest single cause of galactorrhea?
a) Normoprolactinemic galactorrhea with regular menses
b) Normoprolactinemic galactorrhea with irregular menses
c) Hypogamic galactorrhea with irregular menses
d) Hypogamic galactorrhea with regular menses
View Answer
Explanation: The largest single cause of galactorrhea is Normoprolactinemic galactorrhea with normal menstruation. Despite the resumption of menstruation, postpartum galactorrhea occurs in two-thirds of patients, although this possibly does not signify a pathological entity.
8. Which among the following genes encode hCS-L (human chorionic somatotropin-L)?
a) GH1
b) CSH1
c) CSH2
d) CSHL1
View Answer
Explanation: A cluster of five strongly conserved genes are found in the human GH locus. Among them, CSHL1(chorionic somatomammotropin-like 1) encodes hCS-L. A member of the somatotropin/prolactin family of hormones that play an important role in growth regulation is the protein encoded by this gene.
9. Which among the following genes encode hCS-A?
a) CSH1
b) CSH2
c) GH1
d) CSHL1
View Answer
Explanation: In the human GH locus, five strongly conserved genes consist of five exons divided by four introns. hCS-A is encoded by CSH11 (chorionic somatomammotropin hormone 1). Human placental lactogen (hPL), also referred to as human chorionic somatomammotropin (HCS), is a placental hormone polypeptide, a human form of placental lactogen (chorionic somatomammotropin).
10. Where are the hCS-A and hCS-B genes expressed in an organism?
a) Morula
b) Placental trophoblasts
c) Ovary
d) Endoneurium
View Answer
Explanation: Placental trophoblasts express the hCS-A and hCS-B genes. In placental villi, hCS-L is found, but has been considered a pseudogene. In embryo implantation and association with the decidualized maternal uterus, trophoblasts are specialized placenta cells that play an important role.
11. Which among the following is the primary transcription factor that confers tissue specific GH expression?
a) POU1F1
b) CFB9
c) TRANS789
d) CREB7
View Answer
Explanation: Cis-elements that mediate both pituitary-specific and hormone-specific signalling are present in the GH1 hGH promoter region. ThePOU1F1 transcription factor confers GH expression specific to the tissues.
12. What is the second transcription factor that helps in growth hormone (GH) expression?
a) Sp1
b) POU1F1
c) CREB9
d) FLB89
View Answer
Explanation: The second ubiquitous factor binds to the distal site of POU1F1 which contains the Sp1 transcription factor consensus sequence. POU1F1 and Sp1 both contribute to the activation of the GH promoter, because Sp1 binding site mutation leads to attenuation of the activity of the promoter.
13. Deoxyribonuclease-hypersensitive sites of which region of the hGH gene determine somatotroph and lactotroph GH expression?
a) Locus control region (LCR)
b) DAC coding region
c) cDNA region
d) POLY999 region
View Answer
Explanation: Somatotroph and lactotroph GH expression is determined by deoxyribonuclease-hypersensitive locations of the hGH gene’s locus control region (LCR). In these pituitary cells, this LCR is involved in the regulation of a chromatin domain.
14. Which among the following is a cofactor for POU1F1-dependent human GH activation?
a) CREBBP
b) PGP
c) Glutathione
d) Magnesium
View Answer
Explanation: The cAMP response element (CREB)-binding protein is phosphorylated by protein kinase A, known as CREBBP or CBP. This is a cofactor for activation of POU1F1-dependent human GH. The protein CREB-binding, also known as CREBBP or CBP, is a protein encoded by the CREBBP gene in humans.
15. Which among the following is an example of specific receptors for GHRH which is expressed by the somatotroph cells?
a) Growth hormone secretagogues (GHS)
b) Perinuclear receptor 9
c) Chetverik receptor of GH
d) Cytokine GH receptor (CGR)
View Answer
Explanation: Somatotroph cells express specific receptors of GHRH, which include growth hormone secretagogues (GHS) and SRIF receptors which mediate the secretion of GH. GHRH induces GH gene transcription and release of hormones selectively.
Sanfoundry Global Education & Learning Series – Molecular Endocrinology.
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