This set of Nanotechnology Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Nanoprobes”.
1. How are Superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoprobes able to detect inflammatory diseases?
a) Rapidly convert laser energy into thermal energy
b) Accumulating non-targeted SPIO nanoprobes in infiltrating macrophages
c) Limiting accessibility to neo and microvasculature
d) Generating cytotoxic singlet oxygen under light
View Answer
Explanation: Superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoprobes are employed to detect inflammatory diseases via the accumulation of non-targeted SPIO nanoprobes in the infiltrating macrophages. They also identify cell surface markers expressed on tumors. SPIO nanoprobes are also known to enhance magnetic resonance contrast to monitor anatomical, physiological and molecular changes.
2. Which of these is not a limitation of the nanoprobes for their use in the clinical field?
a) Insufficient photostability
b) Lack of biodegradable and biocompatible precursors
c) High fluorescence
d) Biofunctionalization or encapsulation
View Answer
Explanation: Nanoprobes have several limitations which needs to be overcome before they are made ready for clinical translation. The limitations include insufficient photostability, lack of biodegradable and biocompatible precursors for nanoprobes, low specificity and selectivity, low QY and penetration ratio. The major challenge is however to encapsulate or biofunctionalize the nanoprobes such that they can escape from the RES and conjugate to specific targeting molecules.
3. Which of these nanoprobes can detect cancer cell nuclei as well as deliver anticancer drug directly to the nuclei region?
a) PAA modified BaYbF5:Tm nanoprobes
b) Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoprobes
c) PEG modified BaGdF5:YB/ER UCNPs
d) Er/Yb doped NaYF4 core and NaGdF4 shell UCNPs
View Answer
Explanation: Multifunctional upconversion nanoprobes made up of Er/Yb-doped NaYF4 core and NaGdF4 shell are used to both target cancer cell nuclei and deliver the anticancer drug directly to the nuclear region. The real time imaging of the cells can be done via magnetic resonance. The DOX delivery to the nucleus is done in synchronous with the monitoring of the nanoparticle.
4. Match the following nanoprobes with their respective unique properties.
I) Fluorescent dendritic nanoprobes (i) Sharp emission bands II) Single walled nanotubes nanoprobes (ii) Resistance to enzymatic oxidation III) Upconversion nanoprobes (iii) Bioconjugation IV) Polymer nanoprobes (iv) Superior resolution
a) I-I; II-iii; III-ii; IV-iv
b) I-iii; II-iv; III-I; IV-ii
c) I-ii; II-I; III-iv; IV-iii
d) I-iv; II-ii; III-iii; IV-i
View Answer
Explanation: Fluorescent dendritic nanoprobes have high water solubility, continuous absorption spectra and bioconjugation as its unique properties. Upconversion nanoparticles have sharp emission bands along with high penetration depths. Single walled nanotubes show superior resolution. Polymer nanoprobes exhibit resistance to enzymatic oxidation and prolonged in-vivo residence time as their unique properties.
5. Gold nanoprobes made using hyaluronic acid can be employed for the detection of rheumatoid arthritis.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Explanation: A class of multifunctional gold nanoprobes can be fabricated by immobilizing nNIRF dye labeled hyaluronic acid (HA) onto the surface of gold nanoparticles. These nanoprobes upon injecting in live cells having rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and metastatic tumours are clearly able to identify the inflammation and tumour sites. These nanoprobes can be employed both as invitro molecular and cellular imaging sensors for ROS and HAdase and as in vivo optical imaging agents for the detection of local HA diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and tumours.
6. Why is the octavalent peptide fluorescent nanoprobe (Octa – FNP) a powerful tool for tumour optical molecular imaging?
a) Low serum stability
b) Intercellular uptake
c) Single valent effect
d) Precise function control
View Answer
Explanation: Octa-FNP is a fluorescent nanoprobe that has excellent serum stability. It is considered to be a powerful tool for tumour optical molecular imaging and for evaluating the targeting ability of numerous peptides in vivo. These virtues of Octa-FNP are attributed to its easy preparation, precise structural and functional control and multivalent effect.
7. Which nanoprobes are used for specifically targeting glioma cells?
a) Gold nanoprobes
b) Fluorescent dendritic nanoprobes
c) Neurotoxin mediated upconversion nanoparticles
d) Lanthanide doped upconversion nanoparticles
View Answer
Explanation: Neurotoxin mediated upconversion nanoparticles have been developed for tumour targeting and visualization in living cells. They are used for specifically targeting the glioma cells. These nanoprobes when administered in living cells demonstrate highly specific tumour binding and direct tumour visualization.
8. Why are upconversion nanoparticles considered to be alternatives to traditional fluorophores?
a) High penetration depth
b) Immense photobleaching
c) High background signals
d) Small Stokes shift
View Answer
Explanation: Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) have the ability to convert the low energy NIR radiations into higher energy visible radiations via a non-linear optical process. They are often used as alternatives to traditional fluorophores since they show great potential for imaging and biodetection assays in both in vivo and in vitro applications. They have overcome some drawbacks of the traditional fluorescent nanoprobes owing to their high penetration depth into tissues, large Stokes shifts, high resistance to photobleaching, low background signals and sharp emission bands.
9. Which dye is clinically approved by U.S. FDA for human medical imaging?
a) Azogeranin B
b) Chrysoine resorcinol
c) Indocyanine green
d) Amido black 10B
View Answer
Explanation: Indocyanine green is a tricarbocyanine dye that is the only NIR organic dye to have been clinically approved by the U.S FDA for human medical imaging and diagnosis. It is a fluorescent nanoprobe. Although ICG is a clinically approved nanoprobe, it has low absorptivity by tissue chromophore, poor aqueous stability in-vitro and rapid elimination from the body.
10. Why do conjugated polymers dots (Pdots) show extraordinary photostability?
a) Minimal effective chromophore density
b) High levels of aggregation-induced fluorescence quenching
c) Low absorption cross section
d) High radiative rates
View Answer
Explanation: Conjugated polymer dots (Pdots) are excessively small nanoparticles with extraordinary fluorescence, brightness and photostability. Owing to their high absorption cross sections, high radiative rates, high effective chromophore density and minimal levels of aggregation-induced fluorescence quenching, these Pdots have highest fluorescence brightness to volume ratios and photostability.
11. Choose the incorrect statement related to NIR dyes encapsulated with organic dye nanoparticles (ONPs).
a) Possess efficient fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)
b) ONPS exhibit cytotoxicity at concentrations as high as 100 µg/ml
c) They have water dispersity over pH values from 2-10
d) Employed for highly efficient folic acid aided specific targeting
View Answer
Explanation: Organic dye nanoparticles (ONPs) are used in the encapsulation of the NIR dyes in order to enable fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) to obtain NIR nanoprobes that have effective performance both in vivo and in vitro imaging. The NIR – emissive ONPs have water dispersity over pH values from 2 to 10 for almost 60 days on surface modification. These ONPs exhibit no significant cytotoxicity at concentrations as high as 100 µg/ml. These nanoprobes are also employed for folic acid aided specific targeting in vivo and ex vivo cellular targeting.
12. Which of the following properties is not shown by Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) nanoprobes?
a) Sample analysis
b) Lower signal output
c) High electromagnetic fields
d) Accurate detection
View Answer
Explanation: Surface enhanced Raman scattering nanoprobes are generated by coating silver nanoparticles on the nanoprobes. These SERs nanoprobes are thus able to produce higher electromagnetic fields enabling higher signal output. This helps in detecting and analyzing the samples accurately.
13. What is the diagram named for the transition of energy for fluorescence of the fluorescent nanoprobes?
a) Jablonski diagram
b) Hasse diagram
c) Bachman diagram
d) Dynkin diagram
View Answer
Explanation: Fluorescent nanoprobes are applied for detecting particular components, responding to a specific stimulus, or localizing within specific region of a biological specimen. The process responsible for the fluorescence of fluorescent probes is depicted by the Jablonski diagram. It is a simple electronic-state diagram.
14. Which metal is used in a nanoprobe device to enhance Raman scattering?
a) Copper
b) Platinum
c) Silver
d) Vanadium
View Answer
Explanation: A nanoprobe device is developed by tapering an optical fibre to a tip of about 100nms. This optical device remains coated with very thin layer of silver nanoparticles in order to enhance the Raman scattering effect of the light. The metal provides for rapid oscillations of electrons increasing the vibrational energies and hence enhancing Raman scattering.
Sanfoundry Global Education & Learning Series – Nanotechnology.
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