This set of Petroleum Production Operations Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Formation Clays”.
1. What is clean sand?
a) Sand that contains 10 to 20% of clay
b) Sand that contains 5 to 15% of clay
c) Sand that contains 0 to 1% of clay
d) Sand that contains 1 to 5% of clay
View Answer
Explanation: Clean sand is a type of sand that contains 1 to 5% of clay. Nearly all producing sands contain clays within themselves. Clays act as a coating on individual grains. Dirty sand may contain 5 to greater than 20% of clay.
2. Along the United States Gulf Coast, which of the following clays predominates at shallow to medium depths?
a) Smectite and illite mixed layers
b) Chloride and kaolinite mixed layers
c) Montmorillonite
d) Kaolinite
View Answer
Explanation: Along the United States Gulf Coast, mixed layers of Smectite and illite are predominantly found in the shallow to medium depths. Mixed layers are also called smectite-illite layers.
3. What is dirty sand?
a) Sand that contains 10 to 20% of clay
b) Sand that contains 5 to 15% of clay
c) Sand that contains 5 to greater than 20% of clay
d) Sand that contains 1 to 5% of clay
View Answer
Explanation: Dirty sand is a type of sand that contains 5 to greater than 20% of clay. On the other hand, the clean sand is a type of sand that contains 1 to 5% of clay. Nearly all producing sands contain clays within themselves.
4. Along the United States Gulf Coast, which of the following clay percentage decreases at deeper (9000-10,000ft) depths?
a) Smectite
b) Chloride and kaolinite mixed layers
c) Montmorillonite
d) Illite
View Answer
Explanation: Smectite percentage decreases at deeper (9000-10,000ft) depths along the United States Gulf Coast. Some Kaolinite and Illite found at different ranges of depths. Nearly all producing sands contain clays within themselves.
5. Along the United States Gulf Coast, which of the following clay percentage increases at deeper (9000-10,000ft) depths?
a) Smectite
b) Chlorite, illite, and kaolinite
c) Montmorillonite
d) Chloride and kaolinite mixed layers
View Answer
Explanation: Chlorite, illite, and kaolinite percentage increases at deeper (9000-10,000ft) depths along the United States Gulf Coast. Nearly all producing sands contain clays within themselves. Smectite percentage decreases at deeper depths.
6. What is the approximate diameter of dehydrated clay?
a) 4 Micron
b) 1 4 Micron
c) 40 Micron
d) 400 Micron
View Answer
Explanation: The approximate diameter of dehydrated clay is 4 Micron compared to a pore size in the average sandstone of 10 to 100 microns. A high flow rate alone can be the cause of particle migration.
7. Clay dispersion is not affected by pH.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Explanation: The statement is false. The corrected statement is clay dispersion is affected by pH. Scanning electron microscope studies have confirmed the effect of pH on clay disturbances.
8. X-ray diffraction tests can determine the type and overall amount of clay in a sandstone unit.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Explanation: The statement is true. X-ray diffraction tests can determine the type and overall amount of clay in a sandstone unit. These tests are used to indicate which formations warrant formation damage prevention measures that can be taken.
9. For many sandstone formations, how much percentage of KCl solution is sufficient to prevent the clay disturbances?
a) 4%
b) 25%
c) 10%
d) 2%
View Answer
Explanation: For many sandstone formations, 2 percentage of KCl solution is sufficient to prevent the clay disturbances. This result is acquired by laboratory experiments. The chemical formula for Potassium Chloride is KCl.
10. Clay migration can be effectively controlled by the process using the _______
a) Hydrogen cation
b) Chlorine Anion
c) Aluminum cation
d) Hydroxy-Aluminium cation
View Answer
Explanation: Clay migration can be effectively controlled by the process using the Hydroxy-Aluminium cation. This is a large cation that replaces the other cations. This forms a polymer coating on the surface of the clay.
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