This set of Protein Engineering Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Protein Engineering Cycle”.
1. Which of the following technology offers new possibilities for modification of natural proteins for specific industrial, clinical, or agricultural purposes?
a) Protein structural studies
b) Protein sequencing
c) Protein assay
d) Protein engineering
View Answer
Explanation: Protein engineering is a multidisciplinary technology for the design and construction of proteins. It offers new possibilities for modification of natural proteins for specific industrial, clinical, or agricultural purposes.
2. Which of the following is not an application of protein engineering?
a) Synthesis of chimeric proteins
b) Modification of natural proteins
c) Construction of novel proteins
d) Multiplication of natural proteins
View Answer
Explanation: Multiplication of natural proteins is not an application of protein engineering. Protein engineering is used for modification of natural proteins, synthesis of chimeric proteins that combine the properties of two different natural proteins, and for construction of totally novel proteins.
3. Random mutagenesis followed by selection at the level of the whole organism is a quick process.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Explanation: The above statement is false. Random mutagenesis followed by selection at the level of the whole organism is a slow and laborious process. In many ways, nature is the most successful protein engineer.
4. Which of the following step is performed just after the protein from a natural organism is isolated?
a) 2D NMR studies
b) Gene cloning
c) Site-directed mutagenesis
d) Preparative biochemistry
View Answer
Explanation: Preparative biochemistry is the step that is performed just after the protein from a natural organism is isolated. It is biochemically characterized with a ligand i.e. as an enzyme-substrate, receptor-hormone, or an antibody-antigen interaction.
5. In the protein engineering cycle, the three-dimensional structure of the protein-ligand complex is defined by which of the following techniques?
a) HPLC
b) Mass spectrometry
c) Optical spectroscopy
d) High-resolution X-ray analysis
View Answer
Explanation: In the protein engineering cycle, the three-dimensional structure of the protein-ligand complex is defined by high-resolution X-ray analysis or two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The three-dimensional structure of the protein-ligand complex is not defined by HPLC, mass spectrometry, and optical spectroscopy.
6. Which step is performed after the directed mutagenesis of the gene?
a) Gene recombination
b) 2D NMR
c) Gene editing
d) Expression
View Answer
Explanation: First, the DNA sequence is synthesized either by total synthesis of the gene or directed mutagenesis of an existing cloned gene. Then, the novel gene is introduced into a suitable expression system and the gene product is purified and biochemically characterized.
7. Usually, only one cycle is sufficient to reach an optimally designed protein in sufficient quantities.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Explanation: The above statement is false. Usually, several cycles are required to reach an optimally designed protein in sufficient quantities. The cycles can be seen not only as a series of steps leading to an improved protein-engineering product but also as steps designed to test or falsify the hypothesis generated earlier in the cycle.
8. Which of the following step is followed by the 2D NMR step in the protein engineering cycle?
a) Site-directed mutagenesis
b) Gene cloning
c) Protein assay
d) Display of 3D structure on computer graphics
View Answer
Explanation: The step which is followed by the 2D NMR step in the protein engineering cycle is the display of 3D structure on computer graphics. Hence, site-directed mutagenesis, gene cloning, or protein assay are not followed by the 2D NMR step in the protein engineering cycle.
9. Which of the following is the process of developing proteins with the desired function by manipulating the stability and specificity of a protein?
a) Protein amplification
b) Protein assay
c) Protein expression
d) Protein engineering
View Answer
Explanation: Protein engineering is the process of developing proteins with the desired function by manipulating the stability and specificity of a protein. There are two main approaches for protein engineering, rational design, and directed evolution (irrational design).
10. Which step is performed after the protein assay and characterization in the protein engineering cycle?
a) Gene cloning
b) Site-directed mutagenesis
c) Preparative biochemistry
d) Protein-ligand complex analysis
View Answer
Explanation: Protein-ligand complex analysis is performed after the protein assay and characterization in the protein engineering cycle. Gene cloning, site-directed mutagenesis, or preparative biochemistry is not performed after the protein assay and characterization in the protein engineering cycle. In this step, the interaction of the target protein with its ligand is analyzed.
11. Which of the following step is performed before site-directed mutagenesis?
a) Expression
b) Protein assay
c) Preparative biochemistry
d) Knowledge-based design of novel protein
View Answer
Explanation: Knowledge-based design of novel protein is performed before site-directed mutagenesis. The results of X-ray crystallographic studies of several hundred proteins have provided a detailed knowledge base for guiding directed mutagenesis and the design of chimeric and novel proteins.
12. Which of the following technique is of no use in protein engineering?
a) X-ray crystallography
b) Gene cloning
c) Protein sequencing
d) Lyophilization
View Answer
Explanation: Lyophilization is of no use in protein engineering. X-ray crystallography, gene cloning, and protein sequencing are used in protein engineering. Lyophilization is a low-temperature dehydration process, that involves freezing the product, lowering pressure, then removing the ice by sublimation.
13. Which of the following is not true for protein engineering?
a) Protein assay is a step in protein engineering
b) It requires a knowledge-based design
c) Preparative biochemistry is performed before protein assay
d) It does not require gene cloning
View Answer
Explanation: Protein assay is indeed a step in protein engineering. The protein engineering cycle requires a knowledge-based design. Preparative biochemistry is performed before protein assay and characterization. Gene cloning is required in the protein engineering cycle. Hence, the statement “It does not require gene cloning” is not true.
14. Which of the following is not a step of the protein engineering cycle?
a) Gene cloning
b) Protein assay and characterization
c) 2D NMR
d) Mass spectrometry
View Answer
Explanation: Mass spectrometry is not a step of the protein engineering cycle. Gene cloning, protein assay and characterization, and 2D NMR are some of the steps required in protein engineering.
15. Families of proteins with homologous tertiary structures that have diverged from a common ancestor show amino acid sequence differences.
a) False
b) True
View Answer
Explanation: The above statement is true. These differences are derived from two processes: the first is the selection of divergence of function between family members and the second is a consequence of neutral drift.
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