This set of Protein Engineering Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Applications – Antibody – 1”.
1. Which of the following feature makes antibodies attractive drug candidates?
a) It being a glycoprotein
b) Low target specificity
c) Catalytic efficiency
d) High target specificity
View Answer
Explanation: The features of antibodies that make it an attractive drug target are its high target specificity and its organization into distinct structural and functional domains. Features like it being a glycoprotein, catalytic efficiency, and low target specificity do not make it an attractive drug target.
2. Which of the following is not a class of immunoglobulins?
a) IgA
b) IgD
c) IgE
d) IgB
View Answer
Explanation: IgB is not a class of immunoglobulins. Immunoglobulins (Ig) are highly specific and naturally evolved molecules that recognize and eliminate foreign antigens. There are five classes of immunoglobulins, viz. IgM, IgG, IgE, IgA, and IgD. In biotechnology, IgG is the most important class of antibodies.
3. The hypervariable loops are primarily responsible for antigen recognition and referred to as complementarity determining regions.
a) False
b) True
View Answer
Explanation: The above statement is true. The hypervariable loops are primarily responsible for antigen recognition and referred to as complementarity determining regions (CDRs). The remaining variable region amino acids act as a scaffold to support the loops and are referred to as framework residues (FR).
4. A single-chain variable fragment (ScFv) consists of which of the following?
a) VH & CH
b) VL only
c) VH only
d) VH & VL
View Answer
Explanation: A single-chain variable fragment (ScFv) consists of VH (heavy chain variable domain) & VL (light chain variable domain). Thus, an ScFv fragment contains variable segments of both heavy and light chains.
5. Which of the following is most suitable for the therapeutic use against pathogens or tumor cells?
a) IgG3
b) IgG4
c) IgG2
d) IgG1
View Answer
Explanation: The human IgG1 is most efficient in both CDC and ADCC, and therefore it is most suitable for the therapeutic use against pathogens or tumor cells. IgG3, IgG4, and IgG2 are not suitable for therapeutic use against pathogens or tumor cells.
6. Which of the following feature is not taken into consideration when an antibody is designed as a drug?
a) Immunogenicity
b) Affinity
c) Stability
d) Primary structure
View Answer
Explanation: The primary structure of a protein is not taken into consideration when an antibody is designed as a drug. The features that are taken into consideration when an antibody is designed as a drug are immunogenicity, stability, affinity, effector functions, half-life, and tissue penetration, and distribution.
7. Which of the following region is associated with serum half-life?
a) Hinge region
b) Fab region
c) Fc and Fab region
d) Fc region
View Answer
Explanation: Fc (Fragment of crystallization) region is associated with serum half-life. The hinge region and Fab (Fragment of antigen-binding) region are not associated with serum half-life. Therefore to reduce the half-life of an antibody-drug, antigen-binding fragments instead of whole IgGs can be used.
8. Which of the following was constructed to reduce the immunogenicity of murine antibodies in humans?
a) Monoclonal antibodies
b) Anti-murine antibodies
c) Anti-chimeric antibodies
d) Chimeric antibodies
View Answer
Explanation: Chimeric antibodies with mouse variable regions and human constant regions, were constructed by genetic engineering to reduce the immunogenicity of murine antibodies in humans. Monoclonal antibodies, anti-murine antibodies, and anti-chimeric antibodies are not constructed to reduce the immunogenicity of murine antibodies in humans.
9. Therapeutic antibodies can work by blocking ligand-receptor interaction or by triggering an intracellular signal, such as apoptosis.
a) False
b) True
View Answer
Explanation: The above statement is true. Therapeutic antibodies work by one of the two basic mechanisms. One of them is by blocking ligand-receptor interaction or by triggering an intracellular signal, such as apoptosis.
10. CDC is dependent upon binding of which of the following to the hinge and CH2 domain of antibodies?
a) One molecule of C1q
b) Two molecules of C1rs
c) One molecule of C1r
d) Two molecules of C1qs
View Answer
Explanation: CDC is dependent upon the binding of two molecules of C1qs to the hinge and CH2 domain of antibodies. CDC is not dependent upon binding of molecules of C1rs to the hinge and CH2 domain of antibodies.
11. Which of the following immunoglobulin can be suitable for diagnostic imaging or blocking molecular interactions?
a) IgG3
b) IgG2
c) IgG1
d) IgG4
View Answer
Explanation: The human IgG4 is not active in the CDC (Complement Dependent Cytotoxicity) or ADCC (Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity), and therefore it can be suitable for diagnostic imaging or blocking molecular interactions. IgG3, IgG2, and IgG1 are not suitable for diagnostic imaging or blocking molecular interactions.
12. Chimeric antibodies do not induce an immunogenic response in humans.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Explanation: The above statement is false. Chimeric antibodies induce an immunogenic response in humans. Although chimeric antibodies are less immunogenic than murine monoclonal antibodies, human anti-chimeric antibody (HACAs) responses have been observed.
13. Which of the following is a method to increase the half-lives of antibody fragments?
a) Improvement of CDC
b) Acetylation
c) Fragment annealing
d) PEGylation
View Answer
Explanation: PEGylation is a method to increase the half-lives of antibody fragments. It is the process of conjugating polyethylene glycol chains to the antibody fragments. Improvement of CDC, acetylation, and fragment annealing are not methods to increase the half-lives of antibody fragments.
14. Which of the following would allow lower doses of antibodies to elicit a more profound biological activity?
a) Improvement of the primary structure of a protein
b) Improvement of antigen dissociation affinity
c) Elimination of glycosylation of protein
d) Improvement of antigen-binding affinity
View Answer
Explanation: Improvement of antigen-binding affinity would allow lower doses of antibodies to elicit a more profound biological activity, which in turn would increase the therapeutic window and lower dose-related toxicity. Improvement of the primary structure of a protein, improvement of antigen dissociation affinity, and elimination of glycosylation of protein would not allow lower doses of antibodies to elicit a more profound biological activity.
15. Which of the following was constructed to further minimize the mouse component of antibodies?
a) Murine antibodies
b) Anti-chimeric antibodies
c) Chimeric antibodies
d) Humanized antibodies
View Answer
Explanation: Humanized antibodies were constructed to further minimize the mouse component of antibodies. In such ‘humanized’ antibodies, only the CDR loops that are responsible for antigen binding are grafted onto the human variable-domain framework, which is referred to as CDR-grafting.
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