# Optical Communications Questions and Answers – Cylindrical Fiber

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This set of Optical Communications Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Cylindrical Fiber”.

1. A multimode step index fiber has a normalized frequency of 72. Estimate the number of guided modes.
a) 2846
b) 2592
c) 2432
d) 2136
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: A step-index fiber has a constant refractive index core. The number of guided modes in a step-index fiber are given by M = (V*V)/2. Here M denotes the number of modes and V denotes normalized frequency.
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2. A graded-index fiber has a core with parabolic refractive index profile of diameter of 30μm, NA=0.2, λ=1μm. Estimate the normalised frequency.
a) 19.32
b) 18.84
c) 16.28
d) 17.12
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Normalized frequency for a graded index fiber is given by V = 2Πa(NA)/λ. Substituting and calculating the values, we get option 18.84. Here, V denotes normalized frequency and NA = numerical aperture.

3. A step-index fiber has core refractive index 1.46 and radius 4.5μm. Find the cutoff wavelength to exhibit single mode operation. Use relative index difference as 0.25%.
a) 1.326μm
b) 0.124μm
c) 1.214μm
d) 0.123μm
View Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: The cutoff wavelength is the wavelength beyond which no single mode operation takes place. On solving λc = 2Πan1 $$\sqrt{2∆}$$/V, we get option c. Here, V=2.405, n1 = refractive index of core, a=radius of core.

4. A single-mode step-index fiber or multimode step-index fiber allows propagation of only one transverse electromagnetic wave.
a) True
b) False
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Single mode step index fiber is also called as mono-mode step index fiber. As the name suggests, only one mode is transmitted and hence it has the distinct advantage of low intermodal dispersion.

5. One of the given statements is true for intermodal dispersion. Choose the right one.
a) Low in single mode and considerable in multimode fiber
b) Low in both single mode and multimode fiber
c) High in both single mode and multimode fiber
d) High in single mode and low in multimode fiber
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Single mode propagates only one wave or only one mode is transmitted. Therefore, intermodal dispersion is low in single mode. In multimode fibers, higher dispersion may occur due to varying group velocities of propagating modes.
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6. For lower bandwidth applications ______________
a) Single mode fiber is advantageous
b) Photonic crystal fibers are advantageous
c) Coaxial cables are advantageous
d) Multimode fiber is advantageous
View Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: In multimode fibers, intermodal dispersion occurs. The group velocities often differ which gradually restricts maximum bandwidth attainability in multimode fibers.

7. Most of the optical power is carried out in core region than in cladding.
a) True
b) False
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: In an ideal multimode fiber, there is no mode coupling. The optical power launched into a particular mode remains in that mode itself. The majority of these modes are mostly confined to fiber core only.

8. Meridional rays in graded index fibers follow ____________
a) Straight path along the axis
b) Curved path along the axis
c) Path where rays changes angles at core-cladding interface
d) Helical path
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Meridional rays pass through axis of the core. Due to the varying refractive index at the core, the path of rays is in curved form.

9. What is the unit of normalized frequency?
a) Hertz
b) Meter/sec
c) Coulombs
d) It is a dimensionless quantity
View Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: Normalized frequency of optical fiber is the frequency which exists at cut-off condition. There is no propagation and attenuation above cut-off. It is directly proportional to numerical aperture which is a dimensionless quantity; hence itself is a dimensionless quantity.
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10. Skew rays follow a ___________
a) Hyperbolic path along the axis
b) Parabolic path along the axis
c) Helical path
d) Path where rays changes angles at core-cladding interface
View Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: The ray which does not pass through the fiber axis is termed as skew ray. Unlike Meridional rays, skew rays are more in number which makes them follow a round path called as helical path.

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Manish Bhojasia, a technology veteran with 20+ years @ Cisco & Wipro, is Founder and CTO at Sanfoundry. He is Linux Kernel Developer & SAN Architect and is passionate about competency developments in these areas. He lives in Bangalore and delivers focused training sessions to IT professionals in Linux Kernel, Linux Debugging, Linux Device Drivers, Linux Networking, Linux Storage, Advanced C Programming, SAN Storage Technologies, SCSI Internals & Storage Protocols such as iSCSI & Fiber Channel. Stay connected with him @ LinkedIn