This is a Python program to find all connected components using BFS in an undirected graph.
The program creates a graph object and allows the user to find all connected components.
1. Create classes for Graph, Vertex and Queue.
2. Create a function label_all_reachable that takes a Vertex object, a dictionary called component and a label as argument.
3. The function begins by creating an empty set called visited and a Queue object, q.
4. It enqueues the passed Vertex object and also adds it to the set visited.
5. A while loop is created which runs as long as the queue is no empty.
6. In each iteration of the loop, the queue is dequeued, label is assigned to component[dequeued vertex] and all of its neighbours are enqueued which have not already been visited.
7. In addition to enqueuing, they are also added to the visited set.
8. Thus, after the function is called, each vertex in the connected component containing the source vertex is assigned the given label in the dictionary called component.
Here is the source code of a Python program to find all connected components using BFS in an undirected graph. The program output is shown below.
class Graph: def __init__(self): # dictionary containing keys that map to the corresponding vertex object self.vertices = {} def add_vertex(self, key): """Add a vertex with the given key to the graph.""" vertex = Vertex(key) self.vertices[key] = vertex def get_vertex(self, key): """Return vertex object with the corresponding key.""" return self.vertices[key] def __contains__(self, key): return key in self.vertices def add_edge(self, src_key, dest_key, weight=1): """Add edge from src_key to dest_key with given weight.""" self.vertices[src_key].add_neighbour(self.vertices[dest_key], weight) def does_edge_exist(self, src_key, dest_key): """Return True if there is an edge from src_key to dest_key.""" return self.vertices[src_key].does_it_point_to(self.vertices[dest_key]) def add_undirected_edge(self, v1_key, v2_key, weight=1): """Add undirected edge (2 directed edges) between v1_key and v2_key with given weight.""" self.add_edge(v1_key, v2_key, weight) self.add_edge(v2_key, v1_key, weight) def does_undirected_edge_exist(self, v1_key, v2_key): """Return True if there is an undirected edge between v1_key and v2_key.""" return (self.does_edge_exist(v1_key, v2_key) and self.does_edge_exist(v1_key, v2_key)) def __iter__(self): return iter(self.vertices.values()) class Vertex: def __init__(self, key): self.key = key self.points_to = {} def get_key(self): """Return key corresponding to this vertex object.""" return self.key def add_neighbour(self, dest, weight): """Make this vertex point to dest with given edge weight.""" self.points_to[dest] = weight def get_neighbours(self): """Return all vertices pointed to by this vertex.""" return self.points_to.keys() def get_weight(self, dest): """Get weight of edge from this vertex to dest.""" return self.points_to[dest] def does_it_point_to(self, dest): """Return True if this vertex points to dest.""" return dest in self.points_to class Queue: def __init__(self): self.items = [] def is_empty(self): return self.items == [] def enqueue(self, data): self.items.append(data) def dequeue(self): return self.items.pop(0) def label_all_reachable(vertex, component, label): """Set component[v] = label for all v in the component containing vertex.""" visited = set() q = Queue() q.enqueue(vertex) visited.add(vertex) while not q.is_empty(): current = q.dequeue() component[current] = label for dest in current.get_neighbours(): if dest not in visited: visited.add(dest) q.enqueue(dest) g = Graph() print('Undirected Graph') print('Menu') print('add vertex <key>') print('add edge <src> <dest>') print('components') print('display') print('quit') while True: do = input('What would you like to do? ').split() operation = do[0] if operation == 'add': suboperation = do[1] if suboperation == 'vertex': key = int(do[2]) if key not in g: g.add_vertex(key) else: print('Vertex already exists.') elif suboperation == 'edge': src = int(do[2]) dest = int(do[3]) if src not in g: print('Vertex {} does not exist.'.format(src)) elif dest not in g: print('Vertex {} does not exist.'.format(dest)) else: if not g.does_undirected_edge_exist(src, dest): g.add_undirected_edge(src, dest) else: print('Edge already exists.') elif operation == 'components': component = dict.fromkeys(g, None) label = 1 for v in g: if component[v] is None: label_all_reachable(v, component, label) label += 1 max_label = label for label in range(1, max_label): component_vertices = [v.get_key() for v in component if component[v] == label] print('Component {}:'.format(label), component_vertices) elif operation == 'display': print('Vertices: ', end='') for v in g: print(v.get_key(), end=' ') print() print('Edges: ') for v in g: for dest in v.get_neighbours(): w = v.get_weight(dest) print('(src={}, dest={}, weight={}) '.format(v.get_key(), dest.get_key(), w)) print() elif operation == 'quit': break
1. An instance of Graph is created.
2. A menu is presented to the user to perform various operations on the graph.
3. To find all connected components, a dictionary called component is created that contains all Vertex objects in the graph as keys and all of which are mapped to None.
4. Then for each Vertex object v in the graph, if v is mapped to None, label_all_reachable is called on that vertex with a given label. The value of the label is incremented for the next iteration of the loop.
5. The vertices in each component is then displayed.
Case 1: Undirected Graph Menu add vertex <key> add edge <src> <dest> components display quit What would you like to do? add vertex 1 What would you like to do? add vertex 2 What would you like to do? add vertex 3 What would you like to do? add vertex 4 What would you like to do? add vertex 5 What would you like to do? components Component 1: [1] Component 2: [2] Component 3: [3] Component 4: [4] Component 5: [5] What would you like to do? add edge 1 2 What would you like to do? add edge 3 4 What would you like to do? components Component 1: [2, 1] Component 2: [4, 3] Component 3: [5] What would you like to do? add edge 5 1 What would you like to do? add edge 4 2 What would you like to do? components Component 1: [5, 2, 4, 1, 3] What would you like to do? quit Case 2: Undirected Graph Menu add vertex <key> add edge <src> <dest> components display quit What would you like to do? add vertex 1 What would you like to do? add vertex 2 What would you like to do? add vertex 3 What would you like to do? add vertex 4 What would you like to do? add edge 1 2 What would you like to do? add edge 2 3 What would you like to do? add vertex 4 Vertex already exists. What would you like to do? components Component 1: [2, 3, 1] Component 2: [4] What would you like to do? quit
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