DFS Traversal of a Tree using Recursion in Python

This is a Python program to perform depth-first search on a binary tree using recursion.

Problem Description

The program creates a binary tree and presents a menu to the user to perform operations on the tree including depth-first search.

Problem Solution

1. Create a class BinaryTree with instance variables key, left and right.
2. Define methods set_root, insert_left, insert_right, depth_first and search.
3. The method set_root takes a key as argument and sets the variable key equal to it.
4. The methods insert_left and insert_right insert a node as the left and right child respectively.
5. The method depth_first displays a depth first traversal of the tree.
6. The method search returns a node with a specified key.

Program/Source Code

Here is the source code of a Python program to perform depth-first search on a binary tree using recursion. The program output is shown below.

class BinaryTree:
    def __init__(self, key=None):
        self.key = key
        self.left = None
        self.right = None
 
    def set_root(self, key):
        self.key = key
 
    def insert_left(self, new_node):
        self.left = new_node
 
    def insert_right(self, new_node):
        self.right = new_node
 
    def search(self, key):
        if self.key == key:
            return self
        if self.left is not None:
            temp =  self.left.search(key)
            if temp is not None:
                return temp
        if self.right is not None:
            temp =  self.right.search(key)
            return temp
        return None
 
    def depth_first(self):
        print('entering {}...'.format(self.key))
        if self.left is not None:
            self.left.depth_first()
        print('at {}...'.format(self.key))
        if self.right is not None:
            self.right.depth_first()
        print('leaving {}...'.format(self.key))
 
 
btree = None
 
print('Menu (this assumes no duplicate keys)')
print('insert <data> at root')
print('insert <data> left of <data>')
print('insert <data> right of <data>')
print('dfs')
print('quit')
 
while True:
    do = input('What would you like to do? ').split()
 
    operation = do[0].strip().lower()
    if operation == 'insert':
        data = int(do[1])
        new_node = BinaryTree(data)
        suboperation = do[2].strip().lower() 
        if suboperation == 'at':
                btree = new_node
        else:
            position = do[4].strip().lower()
            key = int(position)
            ref_node = None
            if btree is not None:
                ref_node = btree.search(key)
            if ref_node is None:
                print('No such key.')
                continue
            if suboperation == 'left':
                ref_node.insert_left(new_node)
            elif suboperation == 'right':
                ref_node.insert_right(new_node)
 
    elif operation == 'dfs':
        print('depth-first search traversal:')
        if btree is not None:
            btree.depth_first()
        print()
 
    elif operation == 'quit':
        break
Program Explanation

1. A variable is created to store the binary tree.
2. The user is presented with a menu to perform operations on the tree.
3. The corresponding methods are called to perform each operation.
4. The method depth_first is called to display a DFS traversal of the tree.

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Runtime Test Cases
Case 1:
Menu (this assumes no duplicate keys)
insert <data> at root
insert <data> left of <data>
insert <data> right of <data>
dfs
quit
What would you like to do? insert 1 at root
What would you like to do? insert 2 left of 1
What would you like to do? insert 3 right of 1
What would you like to do? insert 4 left of 2
What would you like to do? insert 5 right of 2
What would you like to do? insert 6 left of 5
What would you like to do? insert 7 right of 5
What would you like to do? dfs
depth-first search traversal:
entering 1...
entering 2...
entering 4...
at 4...
leaving 4...
at 2...
entering 5...
entering 6...
at 6...
leaving 6...
at 5...
entering 7...
at 7...
leaving 7...
leaving 5...
leaving 2...
at 1...
entering 3...
at 3...
leaving 3...
leaving 1...
 
What would you like to do? quit
 
Case 2:
Menu (this assumes no duplicate keys)
insert <data> at root
insert <data> left of <data>
insert <data> right of <data>
dfs
quit
What would you like to do? insert 3 at root
What would you like to do? insert 4 left of 3
What would you like to do? insert 5 right of 3
What would you like to do? insert 6 left of 4
What would you like to do? dfs
depth-first search traversal:
entering 3...
entering 4...
entering 6...
at 6...
leaving 6...
at 4...
leaving 4...
at 3...
entering 5...
at 5...
leaving 5...
leaving 3...
 
What would you like to do? quit

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