# Pavement Design Questions and Answers – Highway Cost – 1

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This set of Pavement Design Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Highway Cost – 1”.

1. The total highway cost is the sum of the capital costs expressed on ______ basis.
a) Daily
b) Monthly
c) Weekly
d) Annual

Explanation: The total highway cost is the sum of the capital costs expressed on an annual basis. The annual cost of maintenance of the pavements is also calculated and added up to the total sum.

2. Which of the below is a non-quantifiable benefit to the road users?
a) Reduced vehicle operation cost
b) Reduced discomfort
c) Reduced time cost
d) Reduced accident cost

Explanation: The reduction in the discomfort of the road users is a non-quantifiable benefit with respect to its market value. The reduction in the vehicle operation cost, time cost and the rate of accidents are all quantifiable benefits.

3. The vehicle operation cost is higher on hilly roads.
a) True
b) False

Explanation: The cost of vehicle operation increases as the unevenness index of the pavement surface increases. The topography of the region also affects the cost. On hilly roads, the terrain is such that the measures for safe travel is expensive and the vehicle operation cost goes up.
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4. How is the vehicle operating cost related to the time for unit distance?
a) $$T=a+\frac{(b-c)}{speed}$$
b) $$T=a-\frac{(b-c)}{speed}$$
c) $$T=a+\frac{(b+c)}{speed}$$
d) $$T=a-\frac{(b+c)}{speed}$$

Explanation: $$T=a+\frac{(b+c)}{speed}$$ is the equation that relates the cost of vehicle operation to the time for unit distance. In the equation, ‘a’ represents the running cost per unit distance that is independent of journey time, ‘b’ represents the fixed hourly cost that is dependent on speed and ‘c’ represents the portion of running cost dependent on speed.

5. There are five components used for the calculation of ______ for improvements.
a) Total cost
b) Average cost
c) Total cost of highways
d) Average cost of highways

Explanation: There are five components that are used when calculating the total cost for the highway improvement proposal. They are the right of way; grading drainage, minor structures; major structures like bridges; pavement and appurtenances; and the annual cost of maintenance and operation.

6. The summation of the annual cost of improvement of each component is the right way to calculate the total annual highway cost.
a) True
b) False

Explanation: It is not enough that the summation of the annual cost of improvement of each component will give the total annual highway cost. Along with this, the average useful life of each component also has to be considered.

7. The operation cost of which of the below vehicle types is higher?
a) New vehicle
b) Large vehicle
c) Fast vehicle
d) Slow vehicle

Explanation: The cost of operation of a vehicle depends largely on its type. A larger vehicle will definitely have higher operation cost. Also, a poorly maintained old vehicle will have a higher operating cost compared to a new one. The speed and journey time affect the running cost of the vehicle.

8. Which of the below is not an item to be included while considering the annual highway cost?
b) Highway maintenance
c) Tax levied
d) Salvage value

Explanation: There are five essential items to be included in the annual highway cost. They are the administrative cost, highway operation cost, highway maintenance cost, highway capital cost and the probable life and salvage value at the end of that period. Tax levied is a source of highway finance.

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