49 Best Books on Biomass Energy

“Geothermal Energy and Bio-Mass Power” Book Review: This book serves as a valuable resource for readers seeking to understand Geothermal Energy. It provides a concise explanation of how heat energy beneath the Earth’s surface can be harnessed for power generation. The book explores the significance, benefits, and applications of Geothermal energy. It also discusses the future prospects of Geothermal energy and Bio-Mass, along with various methods of their generation. Furthermore, the book covers different forms of energy, including the process of energy storage, conversion into power, and utilization.

“Introduction to Renewable Biomaterials: First Principles and Concepts” Book Review: This textbook provides an introduction to the fundamentals of Biomass, focusing on the extraction of renewable energy from forest, agriculture, and organic-based materials. It explores sustainable alternatives to petrochemicals. The book consists of eight chapters covering essential biochemical and biotechnological principles, as well as the science and engineering considerations involved. It delves into the first principles of pretreatment and various conversion technologies. Each chapter includes questions and answers to enhance comprehension and facilitate learning.

“Microwave-Mediated Biofuel Production” Book Review: This book focuses on chemical synthesis and processes for biofuel production utilizing microwave energy. It provides valuable resources and guidance for understanding the principles and mechanisms of microwaves in biofuel process chemistry. The book delves into the realm of green chemistry and explores the application of microwave-mediated processes in biofuel production. Topics covered include microwave generation, wave propagation, process design, development, configuration, and biofuel generation.

“Biomass as Energy Source: Resources, Systems and Applications” Book Review: This book explores the abundant biomass resources and their efficient utilization for energy production. It specifically highlights the potential of waste biomass and cellulosic materials in biorefineries, as well as the production of fibers and fiber-based products. The book addresses the global availability of biomass resources and provides case studies showcasing different biomass sources. It also covers bioprocessing technologies in detail. By reading this book, the reader will gain insights into the capacity and technologies that enable biomass to reclaim its importance for energy, fuels, and chemicals in a post-fossil-fuel economy.

“Biomass for Renewable Energy, Fuels, and Chemicals” Book Review: This comprehensive textbook is a valuable resource for students, researchers, and teachers seeking knowledge about biomass energy production. It serves as a helpful guide for professionals and researchers interested in the selection, cultivation, and conversion of energy crops. The book offers a critical analysis of numerous biomass energy research and commercialization endeavors. It also presents a range of techniques aimed at enhancing efficiency, net energy output, and economic viability. In addition, the book examines unsuccessful projects and explores methods for overcoming barriers to commercialization.

“Steam Generation from Biomass: Construction and Design of Large Boilers” by Esa Kari Vakkilainen Book Review: This book provides an in-depth coverage of biomass-fired steam generator design. It presents the design process and essential information needed to understand not only the function of different components of a steam generator, but also the design choices made. Each specific aspect of steam generator design is covered, including pressure part design, mechanical design, layout design, sizing design, performance optimization, and cost optimization. Topics such as fuels and emissions, steam-water flow, auxiliary equipment, availability and reliability, measurements and control, fabrication, installation, and inspection are addressed. Special attention is given to recovery boilers and fluidized bed boilers, and the book’s companion website offers downloadable spreadsheets for automated design and dimensioning calculations. This book is intended for design engineers, steam boiler operators, as well as those involved in plant management and equipment procurement. It provides a comprehensive overview of biomass steam boilers, covering processes, phenomena, and terminology. It also clarifies the differences between biomass boilers and fossil fuel boilers, and discusses the most commonly used types of large-scale biomass boilers, including recovery boilers, fluidized bed boilers, and auxiliary equipment. The companion website includes spreadsheets, calculation models, and automated tools for design and dimensioning.

“Sustainable Use of Forest Biomass for Energy: A Synthesis with Focus on the Baltic and Nordic Region (Managing Forest Ecosystems)” Book Review: This book is suitable for both undergraduate and graduate students studying environmental sciences. Additionally, environmentalists, activists, journalists, professionals, and teachers can benefit from its content. The book explores various aspects of the intensive utilization of forest biomass for energy, with a primary focus on ecological considerations such as soil fertility maintenance, ash recycling, biodiversity impact, and pest management. It also delves into the economic aspects for both forest owners and society as a whole. Another key focus is the practical implementation of this knowledge through decision support, recommendations, and guidelines. While the geographical scope mainly centers around the Nordic and Baltic regions, the insights and principles can be applicable beyond this region as well.

“Management of Water Hyacinth Biomass Along with Industrial Effluents” Book Review: This book serves as a valuable resource for both graduate and undergraduate students studying environmental sciences. It is also beneficial for environmentalists, activists, journalists, professionals, and teachers. The book focuses on the utilization of water hyacinth and industrial effluents for mushroom and compost production. It explores the process of using spent substrate, which is rich in protein, as a feed for earthworms. The resulting vermicompost is then employed in agricultural fields to complete the nutrient cycle. While the book primarily discusses a specific aspect of this technology, it provides comprehensive insights that are beneficial for conducting research in this field.

“The Economics of Biomass Transportation for Power Generation” Book Review: This book serves as a valuable resource for students, professionals, and researchers in the field of environmental sciences. It is also relevant for environmentalists, activists, journalists, and educators. The book focuses on analyzing the economic and environmental impacts of trans-shipping biomass from trucks to trains. It examines the incremental fixed costs associated with trans-shipment and identifies a threshold distance where the lower costs per kilometer of rail transport outweigh the incremental fixed costs. The book utilizes comprehensive life cycle analysis data to assess the environmental burden of biomass trans-shipment by trucks, ultimately favoring rail transport over trucks. Additionally, it provides insights into other transportation methods for power generation.

“Comprehensive Evaluation of Effective Biomass Resource Utilization and Optimal Environmental Policies (SpringerBriefs in Economics)” Book Review: This book is a valuable resource for students, professionals, environmentalists, activists, journalists, and educators in the field of environmental sciences. It also caters to professionals and teachers. The book employs a linear optimization approach and presents a dynamic optimization simulation model to analyze synthetic environmental policies as endogenous variables. The aim is to enhance the environment and increase the utilization of biomass energy. The model takes into account both the overall ecological system and socio-economic situational changes. The book enhances the simulation model and places particular emphasis on evaluating water pollutant reduction while considering the ecological value of the Miyun Reservoir.

“Biomass Production in East Texas” Book Review: This book is a valuable resource for students pursuing environmental sciences at the graduate or undergraduate level. Environmentalists, activists, journalists, professionals, and teachers can also benefit from its content. The book focuses on the analysis of crucial factors involved in bioenergy decision-making in the East Texas region. It explores the biomass potential of the area and assesses its suitability for biomass-based electricity generation and cellulosic ethanol production. Switchgrass, sugarcane bagasse, and logging residues are specifically examined, taking into account the economic, environmental, and social impacts and benefits associated with their utilization.

“Biotransformation of Waste Biomass into High Value Biochemicals” Book Review: This book is a valuable resource for students pursuing environmental sciences at the graduate or undergraduate level. Environmentalists, activists, journalists, professionals, and teachers can also benefit from its content. The book focuses on the utilization of agro-industrial wastes, which are often complex and consist of multiple components. These wastes contain valuable organic matter that can be transformed into high-value products such as polymers, antibiotics, and platform chemicals. The book provides detailed explanations of these processes and explores the field of biochemicals. It emphasizes the importance of understanding these concepts from fundamental, applied, and commercial perspectives, which are comprehensively addressed throughout the book.

“Renewable Energy Production Using Algal Biomass: Economic and Management Analysis of Renewable Energy Production Using Algal Biomass” Book Review: This book serves as a valuable resource for both graduate and undergraduate students studying environmental sciences. It is also beneficial for environmentalists, activists, journalists, professionals, and teachers. The book takes into account the specific and unique characteristics of China’s economy and social context, including factors such as sustained economic growth rate, financial subordination relations, and regional environmental policies that differ from the Japanese model. Going beyond conventional approaches, the book introduces two advanced technologies from Japan and China and incorporates them into the study area through comprehensive policy simulations. It presents a regional analysis and allocation strategy for these technologies, considering the current conditions and limited funds in China, while highlighting their practical feasibility and effectiveness.

“Microbial Biomass Process Technologies and Management” Book Review: This book is a valuable resource for graduate and undergraduate students in environmental sciences, as well as environmentalists, activists, journalists, professionals, and teachers. It explores the utilization of microbes as sustainable and efficient resources to address the pressing need for cost-effective solutions in biopharmaceuticals, enzymes, food additives, nutraceuticals, value-added biochemicals, and microbial fuels. The book delves into the multifaceted aspects of microbial regulatory activity and its wide-ranging applications. Specifically, it emphasizes the design, layout, and pertinent considerations in industrial applications of microbes. This comprehensive guide sheds light on the potential of microbial resources in various industries.

“Biomass Energy Projects: Planning and Management” Book Review: This book is a valuable resource for graduates and undergraduates studying environmental sciences, as well as environmentalists, activists, journalists, professionals, and teachers. It covers various topics related to the efficient production and utilization of eco-friendly biotechnology industries. With its practical approach, the book serves as a ready-to-use guide for technologists and policymakers involved in the development of new biotechnologies. It also offers comprehensive insights into the entire microbial-product supply chain, encompassing manufacturing sites, end users, and domestic and international markets. Readers will gain valuable knowledge on the global marketing of microbes and products derived from microbial biomass.

“Biomass – A Renewable Energy Source?: Sustainable Complementary Biomass (Re)Production Through Landscape Quality Management” Book Review: This book is a valuable resource for graduates and undergraduates studying environmental sciences, as well as environmentalists, activists, journalists, professionals, and teachers. It focuses on the critical issues involved in making decisions about bioenergy in the East Texas region. Specifically, it investigates the biomass potential of the area for biomass-based electricity generation and cellulosic ethanol production. The book provides a regional analysis and allocation strategy for these technologies, which have proven to be highly effective in practical applications.

“Utilization of Agricultural Biomass for Energy and Densified Fuel” Book Review: This book explores the utilization of agricultural biomass, which is facing rapid depletion in India, and addresses concerns regarding environmental degradation caused by conventional power plants. It specifically examines the use of agricultural biomass in the energy sector for power generation and densified fuel. The potential for power generation from unused agricultural biomass in the Punjab state is thoroughly assessed. The book discusses the collection and transportation of biomass to an optimal number of power plants in Punjab. Additionally, it reviews densification processes to overcome challenges related to handling loose biomass, reduce transportation costs, and produce a uniform, clean, and stable fuel. The book also covers densification technologies, system variables, compaction models, and the economic aspects involved in establishing an optimized densification plant. Furthermore, the study investigates the emission of pollutants associated with biomass energy in India. Overall, the book delves into the optimal utilization of unused agricultural biomass.

“Utilization of Biomass for Supply of Renewable Energy in Rural Area.” Book Review: The authors express their gratitude to Almighty Allah for the successful completion of this book. The study focuses on assessing the utilization of biomass for renewable energy in rural areas. With natural gas and mineral energy sources depleting, including coal and oil, it is crucial to explore alternative energy options for rural households. Furthermore, rural biomass serves as a valuable source of soil organic matter and plant nutrients, which are often misused and depleted. Implementing this research would provide insights into biomass availability, energy requirements, and usage patterns in rural areas, aiding in the development of efficient biomass technologies. This would increase renewable energy reserves and reduce reliance on imported oil and fuel, addressing environmental concerns such as climate change resulting from increased CO2 and greenhouse gas emissions. This book serves as a valuable resource to expand knowledge on biomass energy.

“Utilization of Residual Forest Biomass (Springer Series in Wood Science)” Book Review: This is a book that focuses on the practical utilization of residual forest biomass. The book covers various chapters and topics related to making efficient use of the leftover biomass from forestry operations. It discusses the potential applications and benefits of using residual forest biomass for energy production, biofuels, and other valuable products. The book explores topics such as biomass availability and characterization, biomass conversion technologies, sustainability aspects, and economic considerations. With its practical approach and scientific insights, this book serves as a valuable resource for researchers, professionals, and policymakers interested in sustainable forestry practices and biomass utilization.

“To Create an Initiative for Research and Development Into the Utilization of Biomass for Fuel and Industrial Products.” Book Review: This book aims to enhance public awareness of the documents and records of the U.S. Government. It clarifies the concept of government and its functioning, highlighting how democracy can thrive and flourish. The BiblioGov Project offers a wide range of government information, including historical Congressional Bills and the latest United States Government Budget. These valuable resources are now accessible through an environmentally friendly print-on-demand approach, utilizing only the necessary resources to meet the demands of an interested audience. We encourage you to explore the records of the U.S. Government, fostering knowledge and facilitating meaningful discussions stemming from these publications.

“Biorenewable Resources: Engineering New Products from Agriculture” Book Review: This book delves into the realm of Engineering with a focus on Biorenewable Resources. It serves as a valuable resource for students, professionals, and researchers involved in the processing of biorenewable resources. The chapters encompass key principles of engineering thermodynamics and organic chemistry that are relevant to this field. Moreover, the book offers practical guidance on feedstock production, processing techniques, economic considerations, and policy implications. As the second edition of this foundational text, it is an indispensable volume for individuals working in the biorenewables sector. With its comprehensive coverage of renewable resource development from biomass and agricultural residues, this book reflects the current advancements in biorenewable resource research and industry.

“Biofuel Co-Products as Livestock Feed: Opportunities and Challenges” Book Review: This book provides a comprehensive overview of utilizing co-products from the biofuel industry as animal feed. With biofuel production relying heavily on agricultural crops like maize, wheat, and sugar cane, this book examines the future availability of co-products in light of climate change and projected fossil fuel shortages. It emphasizes the importance of economic sustainability and offers insights to mitigate conflicts arising from the conventional use of arable land for both food and animal feed production.

“Exploitation and Utilization of Biological Resources – Agricultural Products Deep Processing Series” Book Review: This book serves as a valuable resource for both practical and theoretical aspects of advanced science, encompassing the fundamental principles of nutrition, biochemistry, and microbiology. It offers valuable insights for research in resource development, agriculture, sideline products, and their comprehensive utilization. Furthermore, professionals in fields such as food technology, bio-pharmaceuticals, and integrated engineering can benefit from this book, which integrates modern engineering techniques encompassing physical, chemical, and biological aspects. It provides a clear introduction to the resource conditions of plants, animals, and microorganisms, including their chemical composition, product development, and comprehensive utilization technologies. Additionally, it caters to universities offering programs in agricultural and sideline product processing, bio-chemistry, food, and fermentation.

“Biofuels: Alternative Feedstocks and Conversion Processes” Book Review: This book provides an overview of biofuels, which are considered alternative forms of energy. It delves into the production process of biodiesel and discusses new bio feedstocks, including algae and vegetable oils. Furthermore, the book explores the production of biohydrogen as another aspect of biofuel generation.

“Chemistry of Fossil Fuels and Biofuels (Cambridge Series in Chemical Engineering)” Book Review: This book provides a comprehensive description of the primary fuels currently used in various industries. It explains their formation, composition, and properties, shedding light on their natural origins through processes such as photosynthesis or geological transformation. The book explores the interconnection between their composition, molecular structures, and physical properties, highlighting fundamental processes like catalysis and the behavior of reactive intermediates. Additionally, it delves into the crucial topics of global warming and carbon dioxide emissions. Designed for the fields of engineering and chemistry, this book is a valuable resource for graduate students, researchers, and professors seeking in-depth knowledge in these areas.

“Biofuel Crops: Production, Physiology and Genetics” Book Review: This book explores the resources associated with the production of biofuel crops, focusing on both technological and environmental aspects. It serves as a valuable resource for researchers and industry professionals seeking insights into this field. The book begins with an introduction, addressing the challenges associated with biofuel crop production and emphasizing their significance. It provides a comprehensive outlook on the future prospects of biofuel crops, with dedicated sections covering algae, sugar crops and grass, oil crops, and forestry species. The chapters delve into various aspects such as genetics, breeding, cultivation, harvesting, and handling, offering a well-rounded perspective on the subject.

“Biohydrogen: Chapter 8. Biohydrogen Production from Algae” Book Review: This book encompasses the latest advancements in the field, shedding light on recent developments. It delves into the existing limitations and challenges, while offering innovative ideas to overcome them. Furthermore, the book provides valuable insights and strategies to enhance production, fostering growth and progress in the field.

“Green Biomass Pretreatment for Biofuels Production (SpringerBriefs in Molecular Science)” Book Review: This book provides a comprehensive review of different pretreatment methods utilized in biomass processing. It covers techniques such as ammonium fiber explosion, steam explosion, dilute acid hydrolysis, and alkali hydrolysis. Additionally, the book highlights the supercritical carbon dioxide explosion method, emphasizing its ability to yield sugars from hemicellulose and glucose from cellulose. The feasibility of bioenergy production processes at different scales, including mobile and on-farm applications, is extensively discussed. Notably, the described pretreatment methods eliminate the need for on-site waste treatment, enhancing their practicality and relevance.

“Solid Fuels and Heavy Hydrocarbon Liquids: Thermal Characterization and Analysis” Book Review: The book is divided into two parts. The first part provides an overview of experimental methods designed to analyze the thermal behavior of solid fuels. It explores techniques for studying the chemical structures and molecular mass distributions of coal-derived tars, extracts, and pitches. The second part focuses on the examination of petroleum-derived asphaltenes and heavy hydrocarbon liquids derived from biomass.

“Biorefineries: Targeting Energy, High Value Products and Waste Valorisation (Lecture Notes in Energy)” Book Review: This book delves into the formation of diverse products derived from biomass, exploring the processing techniques involved. It examines the production of fuels, power, chemicals, and materials from biomass sources. Topics such as biomass characterization and pre-conditioning are covered, along with sustainability analysis. Aimed at engineers, chemical engineers, biotechnologists, and economists, this book offers valuable insights into the utilization of biomass for various applications.

“Analytical Techniques and Methods for Biomass” Book Review: This book focuses on the practical applications and in-depth analysis of the subject matter. It presents the information in a clear and concise manner. The book explores a range of analytical methods that can be employed. Esteemed international specialists have contributed to this volume, sharing their insights on biomass structure, as well as its physical and chemical properties. Additionally, the book covers the parameters of conversion processes, as well as the formation and quantification of products and by-products, along with the relevant quality parameters.

“Technologies for Biochemical Conversion of Biomass” Book Review: This book offers ample coverage and a range of solutions for readers seeking to enhance their knowledge. It includes chapters on biomass biochemical conversion technology and covers important topics such as pre-treatment platform theory, enzyme platform, cell refining platform, sugar platform, fermentation platform, and post-treatment platform. Each chapter is enriched with numerous solved examples. The book also delves into advanced concepts like the fundamental principles and applications of biomass biochemical conversion, carbonation, gasification, thermal decomposition, and hydrothermal liquefaction technologies. Additionally, it may prove beneficial for students preparing for competitive examinations.

“Aqueous Pretreatment of Plant Biomass for Biological and Chemical Conversion to Fuels and Chemicals (Wiley Series in Renewable Resource)” Book Review: This textbook focuses on the fundamental aspects of biomass conversion, with special emphasis on the significance of converting biomass into fuels, the role of pre-treatment in both biological and chemical conversion processes, the composition and structure of biomass, and its resistance to conversion. The theories and explanations cover topics such as ionic liquid and organosolv pre-treatments for biomass fractionation, as well as the physical and chemical characteristics of pre-treated biomass. A multitude of solved examples support the discussions, while additional figures have been included for enhanced clarity and comprehension. To facilitate learning, the book also features multiple-choice questions and other pedagogical exercises for students to assess their understanding of the subject matter. Primarily designed as a textbook for undergraduate and postgraduate students studying biomass conversion, this book serves as a valuable resource in the field.

“Advanced Biofuels: Using Catalytic Routes for the Conversion of Biomass Platform Molecules” Book Review: This comprehensive book delves into advanced topics related to biofuels, including analytical methods for evaluating catalytic sustainability, reaction pathways for sustainable catalytic conversion, and strategies for optimizing catalytic reactions. Typically recommended for students in their first to third year of graduate college, especially those pursuing careers as energy technologists and engineers, this course builds upon foundational knowledge and offers in-depth insights. The book is regularly updated to incorporate the latest developments in the field, ensuring that it remains current and relevant. In addition to covering various aspects of biofuel conversion, subsequent chapters also explore biomass platforms and their conversion processes.

“Direct Microbial Conversion of Biomass to Advanced Biofuels” Book Review: This book offers a balanced blend of analytical rigor and user-friendly approach. The latest edition incorporates new chapters on key topics such as consolidated conversion of lignocellulosic feedstocks to advanced fuels and technologies employed in the production of advanced biofuels. It provides numerous examples and exercise questions to facilitate practice and assess comprehension of the concepts covered. The book encompasses a wide range of perspectives from industry leaders, supported by a comprehensive list of references. Clear and well-labeled diagrams further enhance understanding. The book is valuable for students enrolled in basic and applied sciences courses nationwide, as well as undergraduate students seeking a comprehensive resource.

“Bioalcohol Production: Biochemical Conversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass (Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy)” Book Review: This book provides a comprehensive exploration of topics such as Bioethanol, chemical conversion of non-food lignocellulose, and hydrolysis (saccharification) processes. It is specifically designed for undergraduate engineering and basic science students enrolled in relevant courses. The book covers other important chapters, including integrated hydrolysis and fermentation processes, challenges in fermentation and co-fermentation of lignocellulose-derived sugars, and separation and purification processes for bioalcohol extraction. It also delves into the life-cycle assessment of lignocellulose-to-bioalcohol production, the production of valuable chemicals and longer-chain alcohols from lignocellulosic biomass, and life-cycle assessment of lignocellulose-to-bioalcohol production.

“Production of Biofuels and Chemicals with Microwave (Biofuels and Biorefineries)” Book Review: This textbook serves as both a teaching aid and a practical guide for undergraduate students studying Bioenergy or engineering students with relevant coursework. It covers a range of important concepts, including the Production of Biofuels and Chemicals with Microwave and Ultrasound, temperature monitoring and effects, design of chemical reactors, and the synergistic effects of combining microwave, ultrasound, hydrodynamic cavitation, and high-shear mixing in processes. The book also explores advanced topics such as the conversion of lignin into chemicals, pyrolysis and gasification, syngas production from wastes, platform chemicals, algal biodiesel, cellulose-based nanocomposites, lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment, green chemistry metrics, and techno-economic analysis for a catalytic pyrolysis facility that processes pellets into aromatics.

“Transformation of Biomass: Theory to Practice” Book Review: This textbook provides an introductory treatment of energy and material concepts, offering descriptive explanations for qualitative understanding and techniques for quantitative evaluation of topics such as Anaerobic Digestion, Reactor Design, Pyrolysis, and Gasification. It is particularly useful for students in basic science courses who seek a solid foundation in these subjects. The book delves into various areas, including Catalysis in Biomass Transformation, Engines for Combined Heat and Power, Influence of Feedstocks on Performance and Products, Bio-hydrogen Production from Biomass, and Numerical Simulation and Evaluation of Formal Kinetic Parameters. With its comprehensive coverage, clear explanations, and up-to-date statistical data, this book serves as a valuable resource.

“Renewable Biofuels: Bioconversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass by Microbial Community” Book Review: This book is aimed at providing students, researchers, and industry professionals in the fields of Science and Engineering with a comprehensive understanding of key concepts in biocatalysis and the production of in-house enzymes for low-cost biofuels. It adopts a clear and concise writing style, departing from empirical approaches and instead focusing on the commercialization of the biofuel industry, microbial communities’ role in degrading lignocellulosic materials, hydrolysis mechanisms, and the principles behind bio refinery design. The book also covers important topics such as microbial catalysis of lignocellulosic biomass, complexities in the process, and the selection of microbes or genetic engineering for improved bioethanol production.

“Biomass Processing Technologies” Book Review: The book “Textbook of Hydrology” offers a comprehensive and easily understandable exploration of biomass processing technologies. It covers the curriculum of numerous universities, making it suitable for both undergraduate and graduate students studying biomass processing, as well as for teachers. The chapter exercises at the end of each chapter are categorized into descriptive, analytical, and objective types, allowing readers to assess their understanding of the subject. Recent technologies like Biochar are systematically discussed in a logical sequence. The book provides clear methods for analyzing and interpreting the impact of carbon taxation, accompanied by well-crafted examples that demonstrate their practical applications.

“Biofuels: From Microbes to Molecules” Book Review: This book is a valuable resource for students pursuing careers in enzyme engineering, metabolic engineering, systems biology, and synthetic biology. The fourth edition of the book incorporates the significant developments that have taken place in recent years. The updated content draws from the practical expertise of experts who utilize these methods in their daily work. The inclusion of topical case studies enhances the text and facilitates students’ understanding at the undergraduate and MSc levels. The book extensively covers essential topics such as hydrogen, methane, ethanol, butanol, higher chain alcohols, isoprenoids, and fatty acid derivatives.